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Special copy programs were available that would copy the disk and remember any bad sectors.
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The software would look for these sectors when the program was loading and would stop loading if an error code was not returned when accessing these sectors. These were sectors on the disk that were intentionally unreadable by the disk drive. On Atari 8-bit computers, the most common protection method was via "bad sectors". But because the simulation itself must run on the original CPU, in addition to the software being hacked, the simulation would often run extremely slowly even at maximum speed. Generally there was little to no defense available to the copy protection system, since all its secrets are made visible through the simulation. The Apple II provided a built-in opcode disassembler, allowing raw memory to be decoded into CPU opcodes, and this would be utilized to examine what the copy-protection was about to do next. The CPU simulator provides a number of extra features to the hacker, such as the ability to single-step through each processor instruction and to examine the CPU registers and modified memory spaces as the simulation runs. One of the primary routes to hacking these early copy protections was to run a program that simulates the normal CPU operation.
#Uplink hacker elite defrag missing cracked#
Special nibble-copy programs such as Locksmith and Copy II Plus could sometimes duplicate these disks by using a reference library of known protection methods when protected programs were cracked they would be completely stripped of the copy protection system, and transferred onto a standard format disk that any normal Apple II copy program could read. The standard Apple II copy programs could not read such protected floppy disks, since the standard DOS assumed that all disks had a uniform 35-track, 13- or 16-sector layout. It was also discovered that many floppy drives did not have a fixed upper limit to head movement, and it was sometimes possible to write an additional 36th track above the normal 35 tracks. In addition, tracks did not need to be perfect rings, but could be sectioned so that sectors could be staggered across overlapping offset tracks, the most extreme version being known as spiral tracking. This allowed complex disk-based software copy protection, by storing data on half tracks (0, 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6.), quarter tracks (0, 1, 2.25, 3.75, 5, 6.), and any combination thereof.
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On the Apple II, unlike modern computers that use standardized device drivers to manage device communications, the operating system directly controlled the step motor that moves the floppy drive head, and also directly interpreted the raw data (called nibbles) read from each track to find the data sectors. Software publishers, particularly of gaming software, have over time resorted to increasingly complex measures to try to stop unauthorized copying of their software. The first software copy protection was on early Apple II, Atari 800 and Commodore 64 software. The European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive in May 2001, which makes software copyright infringement illegal as the member states pass legislation pursuant to the directive. courts in cases of reverse engineering for personal use only. However, the law has hardly been tested in U.S.
In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) made software cracking, as well as the distribution of information that facilitates software cracking, illegal. There have been many lawsuits over cracking software, but most had to do with the distribution of the duplicated product rather than the process of defeating the protection, due to the difficulty of constructing legally sound proof of individual guilt in the latter instance. The distribution and use of cracked copies is illegal in almost every developed country.
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Software cracking is the modification of software to remove protection methods: copy protection, trial/demo version, serial number, hardware key, date checks, CD check or software annoyances like nag screens and adware.
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